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Application

deploy wind and solar power is expected conversion step is required. This step is
to generate significant hydrogen demand. currently energy intensive and is in the
Long-distance transportation includes early stages of development. The cost of
pipeline transportation as well as ocean converting ammonia back to hydrogen is
transportation. Pipeline transportation USD 1-2 per kg.
can be used to upgrade existing natural Liquid organic hydrogen carrier
gas pipelines to transport hydrogen as (LOHC) based technology uses a carrier
appropriate. Pipeline transportation is such as toluene or methylcyclohexane to
suitable for transporting from Russia or transport hydrogen in liquid form. Like
Norway to Central and Western Europe, ammonia transport, LOHC transport
and from North Africa to Southern Europe. has the advantage of using existing If hydrogen
A variety of technologies are available transport infrastructure, and also requires is already
for ocean transportation, such as liquid a dehydrogenation step with additional present
hydrogen (LH2), ammonia (NH3), and energy consumption. Unlike ammonia, this in liquid
liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) technology also requires the return of the form at the
based technologies. carrier to the source of the hydrogen for production
LH2 is costly to transport, requiring reuse. LOHC technology is the least mature or transport
cryogenic liquefaction of hydrogen and and the cost is difficult to estimate. site, it is
transportation by special vessels. In the For large-scale centralized users such economical
case of the Saudi Arabia to Japan route, for as chemical industry, the distribution to transport
example, the current freight rate is USD 15 distance is usually very close, and if the it in liquid
per kg, which is expected to decrease to infrastructure is sound, the distribution form even
USD 1.7 per kg as it scales up. cost is low as long as appropriate over short
48 The use of ammonia as a hydrogen upgrades are done on the basis of existing distances.
carrier has the advantage of utilizing pipelines. For decentralized users, the
existing infrastructure and the technology last-kilometer distribution costs often
for conversion from hydrogen to ammonia account for more than 50% of the total
is well established. If the end use is cost of hydrogen. For shorter distances,
ammonia, ammonia transport is preferred compressed gaseous hydrogen (GH2)
(but requires careful handling by certified is the least costly. For distances over
operators due to its toxicity). However, if 300-400 km, liquid trucking is the
the end use is pure hydrogen, an additional most economical. If hydrogen is already

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