Page 38 - 全球能源互联网资讯-第10期（12月）-英文

Strategy

to hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of
water (in an electrolyzer, powered by electricity),
regardless of the electricity source. The full life-
cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the production
of electricity-based hydrogen depend on how the
electricity is produced. (2) ‘Renewable hydrogen’
is hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of
water (in an electrolyzer, powered by electricity),
and with the electricity stemming from renewable
sources. The full life-cycle greenhouse gas
emissions of the production of renewable hydrogen
are close to zero. Renewable hydrogen may also
be produced through the reforming of biogas
(instead of natural gas) or biochemical conversion
of biomass, if in compliance with sustainability
requirements. (3) ‘Clean hydrogen’ refers to
renewable hydrogen. (4) ‘Fossil-based hydrogen’
refers to hydrogen produced through a variety of
processes using fossil fuels as feedstock, mainly the
reforming of natural gas or the gasification of coal.
This represents the bulk of hydrogen produced
today. The life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of
the production of fossil-based hydrogen are high.
36 (5) ‘Fossil-based hydrogen with carbon capture’
is a subpart of fossil-based hydrogen, but where Neither renewable hydrogen nor low-carbon
greenhouse gases emitted as part of the hydrogen hydrogen, notably fossil-based hydrogen with
production process are captured. The greenhouse carbon capture, are cost-competitive against fossil-
gas emissions of the production of fossil-based based hydrogen. Estimated costs today for fossil-
hydrogen with carbon capture or pyrolysis are based hydrogen are around 1.5 Euros/kg for the
lower than for fossil-fuel-based hydrogen, but the EU, highly dependent on natural gas prices, and
variable effectiveness of greenhouse gas capture disregarding the cost of CO . Estimated costs today
2
(maximum 90%) needs to be taken into account. (6) for fossil-based hydrogen with carbon capture
‘Low-carbon hydrogen’ encompasses fossil-based and storage are around 2 Euros/kg, and renewable
hydrogen with carbon capture and electricity- hydrogen 2.5-5.5 Euros/kg. Carbon prices in the
based hydrogen, with significantly reduced full range of EUR 55-90 per ton of CO 2 would be
life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions compared needed to make fossil-based hydrogen with carbon
to existing hydrogen production. (7) ‘Hydrogen- capture competitive with fossil-based hydrogen
derived synthetic fuels’ refer to a variety of today. Meanwhile, costs for renewable hydrogen are
gaseous and liquid fuels on the basis of hydrogen going down quickly. Electrolyzer costs have already
and carbon. For synthetic fuels to be considered been reduced by 60% in the last ten years, and are
renewable, the hydrogen part of the syngas should expected to halve in 2030 compared to today with
be renewable. Synthetic fuels include for instance economies of scale. In regions where renewable
synthetic kerosene in aviation, synthetic diesel for electricity is cheap, electrolyzers are expected to
cars, and various molecules used in the production be able to compete with fossil-based hydrogen in
of chemicals and fertilizers. Synthetic fuels can be 2030. These elements will be key drivers of the
associated with very different levels of greenhouse progressive development of hydrogen across the EU
gas emissions depending on the feedstock and economy.
process used. Burning synthetic fuels produces (II) A roadmap for the EU
similar levels of air pollutant emissions than fossil The priority for the EU is to develop renewable
fuels. hydrogen, produced using mainly wind and solar

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